Concise guide to APA style : The Official APA Style Guide for Students

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Designed for undergraduate writers or anyone new to APA Style, this easy-to-use pocket guide is adapted from the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 1. Student Paper Types, Elements, and FormatGeneral Guidelines for Student Papers 1.1 Application of APA Style to Student Papers 1.2 Student Essays 1.3 Annotated Bibliographies 1.4 Dissertations and Theses 1.5 Student Paper Required ElementsPaper Elements 1.6 Title Page 1.7 Title 1.8 Author Name (Byline) 1.9 Author Affiliation 1.10 Abstract 1.11 Text (Body) 1.12 Reference List 1.13 Footnotes 1.14 AppendicesFormat 1.15 Importance of Format 1.16 Order of Pages 1.17 Page Header 1.18 Font 1.19 Special Characters 1.20 Line Spacing 1.21 Margins 1.22 Paragraph Alignment 1.23 Paragraph Indentation 1.24 Paper LengthOrganization 1.25 Principles of Organization 1.26 Heading Levels 1.27 Section LabelsSample Student Paper 2. Writing Style and GrammarEffective Scholarly Writing 2.1 Continuity and Flow 2.2 Transitions 2.3 Noun Strings 2.4 Conciseness and Clarity 2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy 2.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length 2.7 Tone 2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms 2.9 Jargon 2.10 Logical Comparisons 2.11 AnthropomorphismGrammar and Usage 2.12 Verb Tense 2.13 Active and Passive Voice 2.14 Mood 2.15 Subject and Verb Agreement 2.16 First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns 2.17 Editorial “We” 2.18 Singular “They” 2.19 Pronouns for People and Animals (“Who” vs. “That”) 2.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects (“Who vs. Whom”) 2.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses (“That” vs. “Which”) 2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions 2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 2.24 Parallel ConstructionStrategies to Improve Your Writing 2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example 2.26 Writing From an Outline 2.27 Rereading the Draft 2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students 2.29 Working With Writing Centers 2.30 Revising a Paper 3. Bias-Free Language GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines for Reducing Bias 3.1 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity 3.2 Be Sensitive to LabelsReducing Bias by Topic 3.3 Age 3.4 Disability 3.5 Gender 3.6 Participation in Research 3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity 3.8 Sexual Orientation 3.9 Socioeconomic Status 3.10 Intersectionality 4. Punctuation, Lists, and ItalicsPunctuation 4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks 4.2 Period 4.3 Comma 4.4 Semicolon 4.5 Colon 4.6 Dash 4.7 Quotation Marks 4.8 Parentheses 4.9 Square Brackets 4.10 SlashLists 4.11 List Guidelines 4.12 Lettered Lists 4.13 Numbered Lists 4.14 Bulleted ListsItalics 4.15 Use of Italics 4.16 Reverse Italics 5. Spelling, Capitalization, and AbbreviationsSpelling 5.1 Preferred Spelling 5.2 HyphenationCapitalization 5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence 5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names 5.5 Job Titles and Positions 5.6 Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms 5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works 5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures 5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters 5.10 Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment 5.11 Names of Factors, Variables, and EffectsAbbreviations 5.12 Use of Abbreviations 5.13 Definition of Abbreviations 5.14 Format of Abbreviations 5.15 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations 5.16 Time Abbreviations 5.17 Latin Abbreviations 5.18 Chemical Compound Abbreviations  6. Numbers and StatisticsNumbers 6.1 Numbers Expressed in Numerals 6.2 Numbers Expressed in Words 6.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers 6.4 Ordinal Numbers 6.5 Decimal Fractions 6.6 Roman Numerals 6.7 Commas in Numbers 6.8 Plurals of NumbersStatistics and Equations 6.9 Presentation of Statistics 6.10 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations 6.11 Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics 6.12 Presentation of Equations 7. Tables and FiguresGeneral Guidelines for Tables and Figures 7.1 Purpose of Tables and Figures 7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures 7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation 7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures 7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text 7.6 Placement of Tables and Figures 7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and FiguresTables 7.8 Principles of Table Construction 7.9 Table Components 7.10 Table Numbers 7.11 Table Titles 7.12 Table Headings 7.13 Table Body 7.14 Table Notes 7.15 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures 7.16 Confidence Intervals in Tables 7.17 Table Borders and Shading 7.18 Long or Wide Tables 7.19 Relation Between Tables 7.20 Table Checklist 7.21 Sample TablesFigures 7.22 Principles of Figure Construction 7.23 Figure Components 7.24 Figure Numbers 7.25 Figure Titles 7.26 Figure Images 7.27 Figure Legends 7.28 Figure Notes 7.29 Relation Between Figures 7.30 Photographs 7.31 Figure Checklist 7.32 Sample Figures8. Works Credited in the TextGeneral Guidelines for Citation 8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation 8.2 Plagiarism 8.3 Self-Plagiarism 8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text 8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version 8.6 Primary and Secondary SourcesWorks Requiring Special Approaches 8.7 Interviews 8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources 8.9 Personal CommunicationsIn-Text Citations 8.10 Author–Date Citation System 8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations 8.12 Citing Multiple Works 8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source 8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author 8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates 8.16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations 8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations 8.18 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations 8.19 Works With the Same Author and Same Date 8.20 Authors With the Same Surname 8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors 8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and AppsParaphrases and Quotations 8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing 8.24 Long Paraphrases 8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation 8.26 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words) 8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More) 8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers 8.29 Accuracy of Quotations 8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation 8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation 8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works 8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks 8.34 EpigraphsCopyright and Permission 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials 8.36 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution 8.37 Copyright Status 8.38 Permission and Fair Use 8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats 9. Reference ListReference Categories 9.1 Determining the Reference Category 9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category 9.3 Online and Print ReferencesPrinciples of Reference List Entries 9.4 Four Elements of a Reference 9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries 9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in ReferencesReference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source) 9.7 Author Element 9.8 Format of the Author Element 9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names 9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles 9.11 Group Authors 9.12 No Author 9.13 Date Element 9.14 Format of the Date Element 9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works 9.16 Retrieval Dates 9.17 No Date 9.18 Title Element 9.19 Format of the Title Element 9.20 Series and Multivolume Works 9.21 Bracketed Descriptions 9.22 No Title 9.23 Source Element 9.24 Format of the Source Element 9.25 Periodical Sources 9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information 9.27 Article Numbers 9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources 9.29 Publisher Sources 9.30 Database and Archive Sources 9.31 Works With Specific Locations 9.32 Social Media Sources 9.33 Website Sources 9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs 9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs 9.36 DOI or URL Shorteners 9.37 No SourceReference Variations 9.38 Works in Another Language 9.39 Translated Works 9.40 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works 9.41 Religious and Classical WorksReference List Format and Order 9.42 Format of the Reference List 9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List 9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name 9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author 9.46 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date 9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname 9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author 9.49 Abbreviations in References 10. Reference ExamplesAuthor VariationsDate VariationsTitle VariationsSource VariationsTextual Works 10.1 Periodicals  10.2 Books and Reference Works  10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works  10.4 Reports and Gray Literature  10.5 Dissertations and Theses  10.6 Reviews  10.7 Informally Published Works Software and Tests 10.8 Computer Software and Mobile Apps   10.9 Tests, Scales, and Inventories Audiovisual Media 10.10 Audiovisual Works  10.11 Audio Works  10.12 Visual Works Online Media 10.13 Social Media 10.14 Webpages and Websites Legal References 10.15 Cases or Court Decisions 10.16 Statutes (Laws and Acts) 10.17 Constitutions and Charters 10.18 Treaties and International Conventions

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